Me ka hoʻomaikaʻi mau ʻana o ka hiki ke hoʻomaʻemaʻe honua, nā kūlana huahana aila paʻa e piʻi nei, a me ka hoʻonui mau ʻana o ke koi no nā mea maka kemika, ua ulu mau ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hoʻouluulu hoʻomaʻemaʻe. I waena o lākou, ʻo ka ulu wikiwiki loa ma nā hoʻokele waiwai hou a me nā ʻāina e ulu ana.
Ma muli o nā mea maka like ʻole, nā huahana a me nā ʻano hana o kēlā me kēia hale hoʻomaʻemaʻe, no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā catalysts i kuhikuhi nui ʻia e kiʻi i ka huahana kūpono a i ʻole nā mea maka kemika, ʻo ke koho ʻana o nā catalysts me ka adaptability maikaʻi a i ʻole selectivity hiki ke hoʻoponopono i nā pilikia koʻikoʻi o nā hale hoʻomaʻemaʻe like ʻole a me nā mea hana like ʻole.
I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ma Asia Pacific, ʻApelika a me ka Hikina Waena, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana a me ka ulu ʻana o nā mea hoʻouluulu āpau, me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana, polymerization, synthesis kemika, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe ma mua o nā wahi i hoʻomohala ʻia ma ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.
I ka wā e hiki mai ana, ʻo ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka hydrogenation gasoline ka mea nui loa, ukali ʻia e ka hydrogenation distillate waena, FCC, isomerization, hydrocracking, naphtha hydrogenation, hydrogenation ʻaila kaumaha (ʻaila koena), alkylation (superposition), reforming, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, a e hoʻonui pū ʻia ke koi catalyst e pili ana.
Eia nō naʻe, ma muli o nā pōʻaiapuni hoʻohana like ʻole o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe aila like ʻole, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia ka nui o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe aila me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka hiki. Wahi a nā helu kūʻai aku ma ka mākeke, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā kūʻai aku he mau mea hoʻoheheʻe hydrogenation (hydrotreating a me hydrocracking, e helu ana no 46% o ka huina), ukali ʻia e nā mea hoʻoheheʻe FCC (40%), ukali ʻia e nā mea hoʻoheheʻe reforming (8%), nā mea hoʻoheheʻe alkylation (5%) a me nā mea ʻē aʻe (1%).
Eia nā hiʻohiʻona nui o nā mea hoʻouluulu mai kekahi mau ʻoihana kaulana o ka honua:
1. Nā ʻAke
Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ʻo Axens ma Iune 30, 2001, ma o ka hui ʻana o ka ʻoihana hoʻoili ʻenehana o ka Institut Francais du Petrole (IFP) a me Procatalyse Catalysts and Additives.
He hui kūʻokoʻa ʻo Axens e hilinaʻi ana i ka aneane 70 mau makahiki o ka ʻike noiʻi a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me nā hoʻokō ʻoihana o ka French Institute of Petroleum Research e hoʻokō i nā laikini kaʻina hana, ka hoʻolālā hale hana a me nā lawelawe e pili ana, e hāʻawi ana i nā huahana (catalysts a me adsorbents) no ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana, nā petrochemicals a me ka hana kinoea.
Hoʻolaha nui ʻia nā mea hoʻoulu a me nā mea hoʻopili o Axens ma ʻAmelika ʻĀkau a me ʻEulopa.
Loaʻa i ka ʻoihana kahi laulā piha o nā mea hoʻouluulu, ʻo ia hoʻi nā mea hoʻouluulu moena pale, nā mea papa, nā mea hoʻouluulu hydrotreating distillate, nā mea hoʻouluulu hydrotreating koena, nā mea hoʻouluulu hydrocracking, nā mea hoʻouluulu sulfur recovery (Claus) catalysts, nā mea hoʻouluulu kinoea huelo, nā mea hoʻouluulu hydrogenation (hydrogenation, Prime-G+ process catalysts a me nā mea hoʻouluulu hydrogenation koho), nā mea hoʻouluulu reforming a me isomerization (reforming catalysts, isomerization) Catalysts), biofuels a me nā mea hoʻouluulu kūikawā ʻē aʻe a me nā mea hoʻouluulu Fischer-Tropsch, nā mea hoʻouluulu dimerization olefin, hāʻawi pū i nā adsorbents, he nui a ʻoi aku ma mua o 150 mau ʻano.
2. LyondellBasell
Aia ke keʻena nui o Lyondellbasell ma Rotterdam, Netherlands.
Ua hoʻokumu ʻia i Dekemaba 2007, ʻo Basel ka mea hana polyolefin nui loa o ka honua. Ua kūʻai ʻo Basell iā LyondellChemicals no $12.7 biliona e hoʻokumu i ka LyondellBasell Industries hou. Ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka ʻoihana i ʻehā mau ʻāpana ʻoihana: ʻOihana Wahie, ʻOihana Kemika, ʻOihana Polymer, ʻOihana ʻenehana a me ka ʻoihana noiʻi a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana; Loaʻa iā ia ma mua o 60 mau hale hana ma 19 mau ʻāina, a kūʻai ʻia aku kāna huahana i nā ʻāina he 100 a puni ka honua, me 15,000 mau limahana. I ka wā i hoʻokumu ʻia ai, ua lilo ia i ʻekolu o ka ʻoihana kemika kūʻokoʻa nui loa ma ka honua.
Me ka nānā ʻana i ka olefin, polyolefin a me nā derivatives pili, ʻo ka loaʻa ʻana o Lyander Chemicals e hoʻonui i ka wāwae o ka hui ma nā petrochemicals, hoʻoikaika i kona kūlana alakaʻi i ka polyolefin, a hoʻoikaika i kona kūlana ma propylene oxide (PO), nā huahana PO-linked styrene monomer a me methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), a me nā huahana acetyl. A me nā PO derivatives e like me butanediol a me propylene glycol ethers ke kūlana alakaʻi;
ʻO Lyondellbasell Industries kekahi o nā hui polymer, petrochemical a me ka wahie nui loa o ka honua. ʻO ke alakaʻi honua i ka ʻenehana polyolefin, ka hana ʻana a me ka mākeke; ʻO ia ke paionia o ka propylene oxide a me kāna mau derivatives. He mea hana nui o ka ʻaila wahie a me kāna mau huahana i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia, me nā biofuels;
ʻO Lyondellbasell ke kūlana mua ma ka honua ma ka hiki ke hana polypropylene a me ka hana catalyst polypropylene. ʻO ka hiki ke hana o ka propylene oxide ke kūlana lua ma ka honua. ʻO ka hiki ke hana polyethylene ke kūlana ʻekolu ma ka honua; ʻO ka kūlana ʻehā ma ka honua ma ka hiki ke hana propylene a me ethylene; ʻO ka hiki ke hana mua o ka honua o ka styrene monomer a me MTBE; ʻO ka hiki ke hana TDI no 14% o ka honua, e kūlana ʻekolu ma ka honua; ʻO ka hiki ke hana Ethylene he 6.51 miliona tons/makahiki, ʻo ia ka lua o ka mea hana nui loa ma ʻAmelika ʻĀkau; Eia kekahi, ʻo LyondellBasell ka lua o ka mea hana o HDPE a me LDPE ma ʻAmelika ʻĀkau.
ʻEhā mau hale hana catalyst ko Lyander Basell Industries, ʻelua ma Kelemania (Ludwig lāua ʻo Frankfurt), hoʻokahi ma Italia (Ferrara) a hoʻokahi ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa (Edison, New Jersey). ʻO ka hui ka mea hoʻolako nui loa o ka honua i nā catalysts PP, a ʻo kāna mau catalysts PP he 1/3 o ka māhele mākeke honua; ʻO nā catalysts PE he 10% o ka māhele mākeke honua.
3. Johnson Matthey
Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ʻo Johnson Matthey i ka makahiki 1817 a aia ke keʻena nui ma Ladana, ʻEnelani. He alakaʻi honua ʻo Johnson Matthey i ka ʻenehana mea holomua me ʻekolu mau ʻāpana ʻoihana: ʻenehana kaiapuni, nā huahana metala makamae a me nā kemika maikaʻi a me nā mea hoʻoulu.
ʻO nā hana nui a ka Hui e pili ana i ka hana ʻana o nā mea hoʻoulu kaʻa, ka hana ʻana o nā mea hoʻoulu mīkini diesel kaumaha a me kā lākou ʻōnaehana kaohi haumia, nā mea hoʻoulu cell wahie a me kā lākou lako, nā mea hoʻoulu kaʻina hana kemika a me kā lākou ʻenehana, ka hana ʻana a me ke kūʻai aku ʻana i nā kemika maikaʻi a me nā ʻāpana hana lāʻau lapaʻau, ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻaila, ka hana ʻana i nā metala makamae, a me ka hana ʻana o nā pigments a me nā uhi no nā ʻoihana aniani a me ka seramika.
I ka ʻoihana hoʻomaʻemaʻe a me nā kemika, hana nui ʻo Johnson Matthey i ka methanol synthesis catalyst, synthetic ammonia catalyst, hydrogen production catalyst, hydrogenation catalyst, raw material purification catalyst, pre-conversion catalyst, steam conversion catalyst, high temperature conversion catalyst, low temperature conversion catalyst, methanation catalyst, deVOC catalyst, deodorization catalyst, etc. Ua kapa ʻia lākou ʻo KATALCO, PURASPEC, HYTREAT, PURAVOC, Sponge MetalTM, HYDECAT, SMOPEX, ODORGARD, ACCENT a me nā hōʻailona ʻē aʻe.
ʻO nā ʻano mea hoʻonui methanol: mea hoʻonui hoʻomaʻemaʻe, mea hoʻonui hoʻololi mua, mea hoʻonui hoʻololi mahu, mea hoʻonui hoʻololi wela kinoea, mea hoʻonui hoʻololi ʻelua-kahua a me ka mea hoʻonui hoʻololi wela ponoʻī, mea hoʻonui hoʻololi kū'ē sulfur, mea hoʻonui synthesis methanol.
ʻO nā ʻano mea hoʻonui ammonia synthetic: mea hoʻonui hoʻomaʻemaʻe, mea hoʻonui hoʻololi mua, mea hoʻonui hoʻololi kahua mua, mea hoʻonui hoʻololi kahua ʻelua, mea hoʻonui hoʻololi wela kiʻekiʻe, mea hoʻonui hoʻololi wela haʻahaʻa, mea hoʻonui methanation, mea hoʻonui synthesis ammonia.
ʻO nā ʻano mea hoʻouluulu hana hydrogen: mea hoʻouluulu hoʻomaʻemaʻe, mea hoʻouluulu hoʻololi mua, mea hoʻouluulu hoʻololi mahu, mea hoʻouluulu hoʻololi wela kiʻekiʻe, mea hoʻouluulu hoʻololi wela haʻahaʻa, mea hoʻouluulu methanation.
ʻO nā mea hoʻouluulu lama PURASPEC e komo pū ana: mea hoʻouluulu desulfurization, mea hoʻouluulu wehe mercury, mea hoʻouluulu deCOS, mea hoʻouluulu ultra-pure, mea hoʻouluulu hydrodesulfurization.
4. Haldor Topsoe, Denemaka
Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ʻo Helder Topso i ka makahiki 1940 e Kauka Hardetopso a i kēia lā he 1,700 mau kānaka kāna e hoʻolimalima nei. Aia kona keʻena nui, ke keʻena noiʻi waena a me ke kikowaena ʻenekinia kokoke i Copenhagen, Denmark;
Ua kūpaʻa ka ʻoihana i ka noiʻi ʻepekema, ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ke kūʻai aku ʻana o nā ʻano mea hoʻouluulu like ʻole, a pili pū i ka hoʻoili ʻana o ka ʻenehana i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, a me ka ʻenekinia a me ke kūkulu ʻana i nā hale kiaʻi catalytic;
ʻO Topsoe ka mea hana nui i ka mea hoʻoulu ammonia synthetic, ka mea hoʻoulu hoʻomaʻemaʻe mea maka, ka mea hoʻoulu kaʻa, ka mea hoʻoulu hoʻololi CO, ka mea hoʻoulu ahi, ka mea hoʻoulu dimethyl ether (DME), ka mea hoʻoulu denitrification (DeNOx), ka mea hoʻoulu methanation, ka mea hoʻoulu methanol, ka mea hoʻoulu hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻaila, ka mea hoʻoulu hoʻoponopono mahu, ka mea hoʻoulu sulfuric acid, ka mea hoʻoulu sulfuric acid wet (WSA).
ʻO nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻaila a Topsoe e komo pū me ka mea hoʻoheheʻe hydrotreating, ka mea hoʻoheheʻe hydrocracking a me ka mea hoʻoheheʻe kaomi. I waena o lākou, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea hoʻoheheʻe hydrotreating i ka naphtha hydrotreating, ka hydrotreating hoʻoheheʻe ʻaila, ka hydrotreating diesel low sulfur a me ka ultra-low sulfur a me nā mea hoʻoheheʻe FCC pretreatment e like me ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻaila o ka hui he 44 mau ʻano;
ʻElua mau hale hana hana catalyst a Topsoe ma Denmark a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa me ka huina o 24 mau laina hana.
5. Pūʻulu INOES
Ua hoʻokumu ʻia i ka makahiki 1998, ʻo Ineos Group ka ʻoihana kemika ʻehā nui loa o ka honua a he mea hana honua o nā petrochemicals, nā kemika kūikawā a me nā huahana petroleum, me ke keʻena nui ma Southampton, UK.
Ua hoʻomaka ʻo Ineos Group e ulu i ka hopena o nā makahiki 1990 ma o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā waiwai ʻole o nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe, a komo i nā kūlana o nā alakaʻi kemika o ka honua.
ʻO ka laulā ʻoihana o ka Ineos Group e pili ana i nā huahana petrochemical, nā kemika kūikawā a me nā huahana petroleum, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo ABS, HFC, phenol, acetone, melamine, acrylonitrile, acetonitrile, polystyrene a me nā huahana ʻē aʻe e noho ana i kahi kūlana alakaʻi ma ka mākeke honua. ʻO PVC, nā huahana vulcanization, VAM, PVC composites, linear alpha olefin, ethylene oxide, formaldehyde a me kāna mau derivatives, ethylene, polyethylene, gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, civil fuel oil a me nā huahana ʻē aʻe e noho ana i ke kūlana alakaʻi ma ka mākeke ʻEulopa.
I ka makahiki 2005, ua kūʻai ʻo Ineos iā Innovene mai BP a ua komo i ka hana ʻana a me ke kūʻai aku ʻana i nā mea hoʻouluulu. No Ineos Technologies ka ʻoihana hoʻouluulu o ka hui, ka mea nāna e hoʻolako nui i nā mea hoʻouluulu polyolefin, nā mea hoʻouluulu acrylonitrile, nā mea hoʻouluulu maleic anhydride, nā mea hoʻouluulu vinyl a me kā lākou mau hoʻonā loea.
Ua hana ʻia nā mea hoʻouluulu Polyolefin no nā makahiki he 30 a ʻoi, e hāʻawi ana i nā mea hoʻouluulu, nā lawelawe loea a me ke kākoʻo no nā mea kanu Innovene™ PE ma mua o 7.7 miliona tone a me 3.3 miliona tone o nā mea kanu Innovene™ PP.
6. Nā Kemika Mitsui
Ua hoʻokumu ʻia i ka makahiki 1997, ʻo Mitsui Chemical ka lua o ka hui kemika i hoʻohui ʻia ma Iapana ma hope o Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation, a ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea hana nui o ka honua o nā huahana phenol, isopropyl alcohol, polyethylene a me polypropylene, me ke keʻena nui ma Tokyo, Iapana.
He mea hana ʻo Mitsui Chemical i nā kemika, nā mea kūikawā a me nā huahana pili. I kēia manawa, ua māhele ʻia i ʻekolu mau ʻāpana ʻoihana: Nā Mea Hana, Nā Kemika Kiʻekiʻe, a me nā Kemika Kumu. ʻO kāna ʻoihana catalyst he ʻāpana ia o ke Keʻena Nui ʻOihana Kemika Kiʻekiʻe; ʻO nā catalysts e komo pū me ka olefin polymerization catalyst, molecular catalyst, heterogeneous catalyst, alkyl anthraquinone catalyst a pēlā aku.
7, ʻOihana Hoʻokumu Mea Hoʻouluulu ʻo JGC C&C Day swing
Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ʻo Nichiwa Catalyst & Chemicals Corporation, i ʻike ʻia hoʻi ʻo Nichiwa Catalyst & Chemicals Corporation, ma Iulai 1, 2008, ma o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka ʻoihana a me nā kumuwaiwai o ʻelua mau lālā nona piha o Japan Nichiwa Corporation (JGC CORP, pōkole Kina no NIChiwa), Japan Catalyst Chemical Corporation (CCIC) a me Nick Chemical Co., LTD. (NCC). Aia kona keʻena nui ma Kawasaki City, Kanagawa Prefecture, Iapana.
Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ʻo CCIC ma Iulai 21, 1958, a aia ke keʻena nui ma Kawasaki City, Kanagawa Prefecture, Iapana. Ke hana nui nei i ka hana ʻana i nā catalysts, me nā catalysts hoʻomaʻemaʻe petroleum ma ke kikowaena, ʻo nā huahana e komo pū ana me nā catalysts FCC, nā catalysts hydrotreating, nā catalysts denitrification (DeNox) a me nā huahana kemika maikaʻi (nā mea maka cosmetic, nā mea optical, nā mea kristal wai a me nā ʻano hōʻike like ʻole, nā mea semiconductor, a pēlā aku). Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ʻo NCC ma ʻAukake 18, 1952, me kona keʻena nui ma Niigata City, Niigata Prefecture, Iapana. ʻO ka hoʻomohala nui, ka hana ʻana a me ke kūʻai aku ʻana i nā catalysts kemika, ʻo nā huahana e komo pū ana me ka hydrogenation catalyst, dehydrogenation catalyst, solid alkali catalyst, gas purification adsorbents, a pēlā aku. Nā mea Cathode a me nā catalysts hoʻomaʻemaʻe kaiapuni no nā pila rechargeable.
Wahi a nā huahana, ua māhele ʻia ka ʻoihana i ʻekolu mau mahele: mea hoʻoulu, nā kemika maikaʻi a me ke kaiapuni/ikehu hou. Hana a kūʻai aku ka ʻoihana i nā mea hoʻoulu e pili ana i nā mea hoʻoulu no ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻaila, nā mea hoʻoulu no ka hana petrochemical a me nā mea hoʻoulu no ka pale ʻana i ke kaiapuni.
ʻO nā mea hoʻouluulu hoʻomaʻemaʻe he mau mea hoʻouluulu FCC a me nā mea hoʻouluulu hana hydrogenation, ʻo ka mea hope loa e komo pū ana me ka hydrofining, hydrotreating a me nā mea hoʻouluulu hydrocracking; ʻO nā mea hoʻouluulu kemika e komo pū me ka mea hoʻouluulu petrochemical, ka mea hoʻouluulu hydrogenation, ka mea hoʻouluulu hoʻololi syngas, ka mea lawe mea hoʻouluulu a me ka zeolite; ʻO nā mea hoʻouluulu no ka palekana o ke kaiapuni e komo pū me: nā huahana e pili ana i ke kaiapuni, nā mea hoʻouluulu denitrification kinoea flue, nā mea hoʻouluulu oxidation a me nā mea no ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻōpala kaʻa, nā mea deodorizing/antibacterial, nā mea hoʻouluulu adsorption/decomposition VOC, a pēlā aku.
Loaʻa i ka mea hoʻoulu denitration o ka hui he 80% ka māhele mākeke ma ʻEulopa a me 70% ka māhele mākeke ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, a ʻoi aku ma mua o 60% o nā mea hoʻoulu denitration o ka hale hana mana o ka honua.
8. SINOPEC Catalyst Co., LTD
ʻO Sinopec Catalyst Co., LTD., he lālā piha nona ka Sinopec Corporation, ʻo ia ke kino nui e kuleana no ka hana ʻana, kūʻai aku a me ka hoʻokele ʻana i ka ʻoihana catalyst a Sinopec, kuleana no ka hoʻopukapuka kālā a me ka hana ʻana o ka ʻoihana catalyst a Sinopec, a mālama i ka hoʻokele ʻoihana o nā ʻoihana hana catalyst o ka hui.
ʻO Sinopec Catalyst Co., Ltd. kekahi o nā mea hana nui loa o ka honua, nā mea hoʻolako a me nā mea lawelawe lawelawe o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe a me nā mea hoʻoulu kemika. Ma ka hilinaʻi ʻana i ka Institute of Petrochemical Science a me Fushun Petrochemical Research Institute, ke hoʻomau nei ka ʻoihana i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka mākeke mea hoʻoulu kūloko a me ka honua. Uhi nā huahana mea hoʻoulu i ka mea hoʻoulu hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻaila, ka mea hoʻoulu polyolefin, ka mea hoʻoulu mea maka organik kumu, ka mea hoʻoulu kemika lanahu, ka mea hoʻoulu palekana kaiapuni, nā mea hoʻoulu ʻē aʻe a me nā ʻano 6 ʻē aʻe. ʻOiai e hoʻokō ana i ke koi o ka mākeke kūloko, hoʻokuʻu ʻia aku nā huahana i ʻEulopa, ʻAmelika, ʻAsia, ʻApelika a me nā mākeke honua ʻē aʻe.
Ua hoʻolaha nui ʻia ke kahua hana ma ʻeono mau panalāʻau a me nā kūlanakauhale, e like me Beijing, Shanghai, Hunan, Shandong, Liaoning a me Jiangsu, a uhi nā huahana i ʻekolu mau kahua catalyst: ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻaila, ka ʻoihana kemika a me nā mea maka organik kumu. Loaʻa iā ia he 8 mau ʻāpana nona piha, 2 mau ʻāpana paʻa, 1 ʻāpana hoʻokele i hilinaʻi ʻia, 4 mau kikowaena kūʻai aku a me nā kikowaena lawelawe kūloko, a me 4 mau keʻena ʻelele ma waho.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: ʻAukake-17-2023
