ʻO kahi kānana molekala he mea me nā pores (nā puka liʻiliʻi loa) o ka nui like. Ua like ka nui o keia mau anawaena pore me na mole li'ili'i, a no laila, 'a'ole hiki i nā mole nui ke komo a ho'opili 'ia, oiai hiki i nā mole li'ili'i. I ka neʻe ʻana o ka hui ʻana o nā molekala i loko o ka moena paʻa o ka mea porous, semi-solid i kapa ʻia he sieve (a i ʻole matrix), nā ʻāpana o ke kaumaha molekala kiʻekiʻe loa (ʻaʻole hiki ke komo i loko o nā pores molecular) haʻalele mua i ka moena. ukali ʻia e nā molekala liʻiliʻi. Hoʻohana ʻia kekahi mau kānana molekala i ka chromatography hoʻokaʻawale nui, kahi ʻenehana hoʻokaʻawale e hoʻokaʻawale i nā molekala ma muli o ko lākou nui. Hoʻohana ʻia nā kānana molekala ʻē aʻe ma ke ʻano he desiccants (kekahi mau laʻana me ka lanahu hoʻōla a me ka silica gel).
Ana ʻia ke anawaena pore o kahi kānana molekala ma ångströms (Å) a i ʻole nanometer (nm). E like me ka IUPAC notation, microporous materials he pore diameters o lalo o 2 nm (20 Å) a me macroporous materials pore diameters oi aku mamua o 50 nm (500 Å); aia ka ʻāpana mesoporous ma ka waena me nā anawaena pore ma waena o 2 a me 50 nm (20–500 Å).
Nā mea waiwai
Hiki i nā kānana molekula he microporous, mesoporous, a i ʻole macroporous mea.
Mea microporous (
●Zeolites (nā minerala aluminosilicate, ʻaʻole e huikau me ka alumini silicate)
●Zeolite LTA: 3–4 Å
●Ke aniani polū: 10 Å (1 nm), a i luna
●Kapona ʻeleu: 0–20 Å (0–2 nm), a i luna
● Pālolo
●Montmorillonite intermixes
●Halloysite (endellite): Loaʻa ʻelua mau ʻano maʻamau, i ka wā e hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia ai ka pālolo e hōʻike ana i kahi mamao o 1 nm o nā papa a i ka wā i hoʻomaloʻo ʻia (meta-halloysite) ʻo 0.7 nm ka mamao. Hana maoli ʻia ka Halloysite e like me nā cylinders liʻiliʻi he 30 nm ke anawaena me ka lōʻihi ma waena o 0.5 a me 10 micrometres.
Mea Mesoporous (2–50 nm)
Silicon dioxide (hoʻohana ʻia e hana i ka gel silica): 24 Å (2.4 nm)
Macroporous mea (>50 nm)
Macroporous silica, 200–1000 Å (20–100 nm)
Nā noi
Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā kānana molekula i ka ʻoihana ʻaila, ʻoi loa no ka hoʻomaloʻo ʻana i nā kahawai kinoea. No ka laʻana, ma ka ʻoihana wai kūlohelohe (LNG), pono e hoʻemi ʻia ka ʻike wai o ke kinoea ma lalo o 1 ppmv no ka pale ʻana i nā poloka i hana ʻia e ka hau a me ka methane clathrate.
I loko o ke keʻena hana, hoʻohana ʻia nā kānana molekele e hoʻomaloʻo i ka solvent. Ua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā "Sieves" ma mua o nā ʻenehana hoʻomaloʻo kuʻuna, e hoʻohana pinepine ana i nā desiccants koʻikoʻi.
Ma lalo o ka huaʻōlelo zeolites, hoʻohana ʻia nā kānana molekele no kahi ākea o nā noi catalytic. Hoʻopili lākou i ka isomerization, alkylation, a me ka epoxidation, a hoʻohana ʻia i nā kaʻina hana ʻoihana nui, me ka hydrocracking a me ka wai catalytic cracking.
Hoʻohana pū ʻia lākou i ka kānana ʻana i nā lako ea no nā mea hanu, no ka laʻana nā mea i hoʻohana ʻia e nā mea luʻu a me nā mea puhi ahi. I loko o ia mau noi, hoʻolako ʻia ka ea e ka ea compressor a hele ʻia i loko o kahi kānana pahu pahu, e pili ana i ka noi, hoʻopiha ʻia me ka sieve molecular a / a i ʻole carbon activated, hope hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻopiʻi i nā pahu ea hanu. a me nā huahana exhaust compressor mai ka lako ea hanu.
ʻAe ʻia ka FDA.
Ua ʻae ʻia ka US FDA ma ʻApelila 1, 2012, ka sodium aluminosilicate no ka hoʻopili pololei ʻana me nā mea hoʻohana ma lalo o 21 CFR 182.2727. Ma mua o kēia ʻae ʻia ua hoʻohana ka European Union i nā kānana molekala me nā lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā hoʻāʻo kūʻokoʻa i manaʻo ʻia e hoʻokō nā kānana molekala i nā koi āpau a ke aupuni akā. ʻAʻole makemake ka ʻoihana e uku i ka hoʻāʻo pipiʻi i koi ʻia no ka ʻae aupuni.
Hana hou
ʻO nā ʻano hana no ka hana hou ʻana o nā kānana molekala, ʻo ia ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke kaomi (e like me ka concentrators oxygen), ka hoʻomehana ʻana a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana me ke kinoea lawe lawe (e like me ka wā i hoʻohana ʻia ai i ka ethanol dehydration), a i ʻole ka hoʻomehana ʻana ma lalo o ka maloʻo kiʻekiʻe. Mai ka 175 °C (350 °F) a i ka 315 °C (600 °F) ma muli o ke ʻano kānana molekala. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa, hiki ke hana hou ʻia ka silica gel ma ka hoʻomehana ʻana iā ia i loko o ka umu maʻamau i 120 °C (250 °F) no ʻelua hola. Eia naʻe, e "pop" kekahi mau ʻano silica gel ke ʻike ʻia i ka nui o ka wai. Hoʻokumu ʻia kēia ma muli o ka haki ʻana o nā pōpō silica i ka wā e hoʻopili ai i ka wai.
| Hoʻohālike | Pore anawaena (Ångström) | ʻAno nui (g/ml) | wai hoʻopili ʻia (% w/w) | Hoʻohana | |
| 3Å | 3 | 0.60–0.68 | 19–20 | 0.3–0.6 | Ka malooopetroleum māhākinoea a me nā alkenes, koho adsorption o H2O i lokoaniani hoʻokaʻawale ʻia (IG)a me ka polyurethane, ka maloʻo owahie ethanolno ka hui 'ana me ka 'aila. |
| 4Å | 4 | 0.60–0.65 | 20–21 | 0.3–0.6 | Adsorption o ka wai i lokosodium aluminosilicateʻo ia ka FDA i ʻae ʻia (e nānāmalalo) hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano molecular sieve i loko o nā pahu lāʻau e mālama ai i ka maloʻo a me kamea hoʻohui meaʻailoaaE-heluE-554 (anti-caking agent); Manaʻo ʻia no ka wai maloʻo paʻa i loko o nā ʻōnaehana wai a i ʻole nā ea, no ka laʻana, i ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau, nā ʻāpana uila a me nā kemika palaho; ʻohi wai i ka paʻi ʻana a me nā ʻōnaehana plastik a me ka hoʻomaloʻo ʻana i nā kahawai wai hydrocarbon. ʻO nā ʻano mea i hoʻopili ʻia he SO2, CO2, H2S, C2H4, C2H6, a me C3H6. Manaʻo maʻamau he mea hoʻomaloʻo honua ma ka polar a me ka nonpolar media;[12]kaawale ana okinoea maolianā alkenes, adsorption o ka wai ma non-nitrogen sensitivepolyurethane |
| 5Å-DW | 5 | 0.45–0.50 | 21–22 | 0.3–0.6 | Degreasing a ninini wahi hoʻohaʻahaʻa omokulele ʻaila ʻailaadiesel, a me ka hookaawale alkenes |
| 5Å liʻiliʻi i hoʻonui ʻia ka oxygen | 5 | 0.4–0.8 | ≥23 | Hoʻolālā kūikawā no ka mea hoʻoheheʻe oxygen olakino a olakino paha[pono ʻia ka ʻōlelo] | |
| 5Å | 5 | 0.60–0.65 | 20–21 | 0.3–0.5 | ʻO ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka ea;maloʻo waiadesulfurizationo ke kinoea maoli a mekinoea ʻaila wai;oxygenahydrogenhana ekaomi ʻana i ke kaomi ʻanakaʻina hana |
| 10X | 8 | 0.50–0.60 | 23–24 | 0.3–0.6 | ʻO ka sorption kiʻekiʻe, hoʻohana ʻia i ka desiccation, decarburization, desulfurization o ke kinoea a me nā wai a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana owaiʻala ʻala |
| 13X | 10 | 0.55–0.65 | 23–24 | 0.3–0.5 | ʻO ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe, desulfurization a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ke kinoea ʻaila a me ke kinoea maoli |
| 13X-AS | 10 | 0.55–0.65 | 23–24 | 0.3–0.5 | Decarburizationa me ka desiccation i ka ʻoihana hoʻokaʻawale ea, ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka nitrogen mai ka oxygen i nā concentrators oxygen |
| Cu-13X | 10 | 0.50–0.60 | 23–24 | 0.3–0.5 | ʻoluʻolu(ka wehe ʻana othiols) owahie lelea piliwaiʻaila wai |
Hiki i ka Adsorption
3Å
Huina kemika pili: ((K2O)2⁄3 (Na2O)1⁄3) • Al2O3• 2 SiO2 • 9/2 H2O
Lakiō silica-alumina: SiO2/ Al2O3≈2
Hana ʻia
Hana ʻia nā kānana molekala 3A e ka hoʻololi cation opālolono ka measodiumma 4A molecular sieves (E nānā ma lalo)
Hoʻohana
ʻAʻole hoʻopili nā kānana molekala i nā molekala nona nā anawaena ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o 3 Å. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o kēia mau kānana molekula e pili ana i ka wikiwiki adsorption wikiwiki, hiki ke hoʻohou pinepine, ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi a me kakūʻē haumia. Hiki i kēia mau hiʻohiʻona ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pono a me ke ola o ka sieve. ʻO 3Å molecular sieves ka desiccant e pono ai i ka ʻaila a me nā ʻoihana kemika no ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka ʻaila, polymerization, a me ka hoʻomaloʻo ʻana i ke kinoea-wai.
Hoʻohana ʻia nā kānana molekala 3Å e hoʻomaloʻo i nā ʻano mea like, e like meethanol, ea,nā mea hoʻoheheʻe,kinoea maolianā wai kalapona ʻole. ʻO nā mea hope e pili ana i ke kinoea pohā,acetylene,ethylene,propyleneabutadiene.
Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo 3Å molecular sieve no ka wehe ʻana i ka wai mai ka ethanol, hiki ke hoʻohana pololei ʻia ma hope ma ke ʻano he bio-fuel a i ʻole e hana ʻole i nā huahana like ʻole e like me nā kemika, nā meaʻai, nā lāʻau lapaʻau, a me nā mea hou aku. No ka mea, ʻaʻole hiki i ka distillation maʻamau ke hoʻoneʻe i ka wai a pau (kahi hua i makemake ʻole ʻia mai ka hana ʻana o ka ethanol) mai nā kahawai kaʻina hana ethanol ma muli o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o kahiazeotropema kahi o 95.6 pākēneka o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana ma ke kaumaha, hoʻohana ʻia nā molecular sieve beads no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka ethanol a me ka wai ma kahi pae molekala ma o ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka wai i loko o nā pahu a me ka ʻae ʻana i ka ethanol e hele manuahi. Ke piha nā pēke i ka wai, hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia ka mahana a i ʻole ke kaomi ʻana, e hiki ai ke hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka wai mai ka molecular sieve beads.[15]
Mālama ʻia nā kānana molekika 3Å ma ka lumi wela, me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ma mua o 90%. Hoʻopaʻa ʻia lākou ma lalo o ke kaomi hoʻemi ʻia, mālama ʻia mai ka wai, nā waikawa a me nā alkalis.
4Å
Huina kemika: Na2O•Al2O3•2SiO2•9/2H2O
Lakiō silikino-alumini: 1:1 (SiO2/ Al2O3≈2)
Hana ʻia
He mea maʻalahi ka hana ʻana o 4Å sieve no ka mea ʻaʻole ia e koi i nā kaomi kiʻekiʻe a i ʻole ka wela kiʻekiʻe. ʻO nā hāʻina wai maʻamau osodium silicateasodium aluminahui ʻia ma 80 °C. ʻO ka huahana solvent-impregnated "hoʻohana" ma ka "baking" ma 400 °C 4A sieves lawelawe ma ke ʻano he precursor i nā kānana 3A a me 5A ma ohoʻololi cationosodiumno ka meapālolo(no 3A) a i ʻolecalcium(no 5A)
Hoʻohana
Mea hoʻomaloʻo
Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā kānana molekala 4Å no ka hoʻomaloʻo ʻana i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe keʻena hana. Hiki iā lākou ke komo i ka wai a me nā molekala ʻē aʻe me ke anawaena koʻikoʻi ma lalo o 4 Å e like me NH3, H2S, SO2, CO2, C2H5OH, C2H6, a me C2H4. Hoʻohana nui ʻia lākou i ka maloʻo, hoʻomaʻemaʻe a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i nā wai a me nā kinoea (e like me ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana o argon).
Nā mea hoʻohui poliester[hoʻoponopono]
Hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau kānana molekala e kōkua i nā mea holoi no ka mea hiki iā lākou ke hana i ka wai demineralizedcalciumhoʻololi ion, wehe a pale i ka waiho ʻana o ka lepo. Hoʻohana nui ʻia lākou e paniphosphorus. He kuleana nui ka sieve molecular 4Å e pani ai i ka sodium tripolyphosphate ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe i mea e hoʻēmi ai i ka hopena o ke kaiapuni o ka mea holoi. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano hekopamea hana a inpaʻu niho.
ʻO ka mālama ʻana i nā ʻōpala pōʻino
Hiki i nā kānana molekala 4Å ke ho'oma'ema'e i ka wai o nā mea cationic e like meammoniumnā ion, Pb2+, Cu2+, Zn2+ a me Cd2+. Ma muli o ke koho kiʻekiʻe no NH4 + ua hoʻohana maikaʻi ʻia lākou i ke kahua e hakakāeutrophicationa me nā hopena ʻē aʻe i nā ala wai ma muli o ka nui o nā ion ammonium. Ua hoʻohana pū ʻia nā kānana molekala 4Å e wehe i nā ion metala kaumaha i loko o ka wai ma muli o nā hana ʻoihana.
Nā kumu ʻē aʻe
ʻO kaʻoihana metala: mea hoʻokaʻawale, hoʻokaʻawale, unuhi ʻana o ka brine potassium,rubidium,kesiuma, etc.
ʻoihana petrokimia,mea hoʻopāpā,desiccant, adsorbent
Mahiai:mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe lepo
Lapaau: ukana kalazeolitemea lāʻau antibacterial.
5Å
Huina kemika: 0.7CaO•0.30Na2O•Al2O3•2.0SiO2 •4.5H2O
Lakiō silica-alumina: SiO2/ Al2O3≈2
Hana ʻia
Hana ʻia nā kānana molekala 5A e ka hoʻololi cation ocalciumno ka measodiumi loko o nā kānana molekula 4A (E nānā i luna)
Hoʻohana
ʻelima-ångströmHoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā kānana molekula (5Å) i kaʻaila ʻailaʻoihana, ʻoi loa no ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i nā kahawai kinoea a ma ka hale hana kemika no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻanapūhuia me ka hoʻomaloʻo ʻana i nā mea hoʻomaka. Loaʻa iā lākou nā pores liʻiliʻi o kahi kikoʻī a me ka nui like ʻole, a hoʻohana nui ʻia ma ke ʻano he adsorbent no nā kinoea a me nā wai.
Hoʻohana ʻia nā kānana molekala ʻelima-ångström e maloʻokinoea maoli, me ka hana anadesulfurizationadecarbonationo ke kinoea. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻokaʻawale i nā hui ʻana o ka oxygen, nitrogen a me ka hydrogen, a me ka aila-wax n-hydrocarbons mai nā lālā a me polycyclic hydrocarbons.
Elima-ångström molecular sieves mālama 'ia ma ka lumi wela, me kahaʻahaʻa piliemi iho ma lalo o 90% i loko o nā pahu pahu pahu a i ʻole ka pahu pahu pahu. ʻAʻole pono e hōʻike pololei ʻia nā kānana molekala i ka ea a me ka wai, pono e pale ʻia nā waikawa a me nā alkali.
Morphology of molecular sieves
Loaʻa nā kānana molekula ma nā ʻano like ʻole a me nā nui. Akā, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā pēke pōʻai ma mua o nā ʻano ʻē aʻe no ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka hāʻule haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, kū i ka attrition no ka mea ʻaʻohe o lākou mau ʻaoʻao ʻoi, a he ikaika maikaʻi, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka ikaika paʻi i koi ʻia no kēlā me kēia ʻāpana. Hāʻawi kekahi mau kānana molekula beaded i ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa no laila e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka pono o ka ikehu i ka wā hana hou.
ʻO ka pono ʻē aʻe o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kānana molekole beaded ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka nui ma mua o nā ʻano ʻē aʻe, no laila, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ke koi adsorption. No laila, ʻoiai e hana ana i ka de-bottlenecking, hiki i kekahi ke hoʻohana i nā kānana molekala beaded, hoʻouka hou aku i ka adsorbent ma ka leo like, a pale aku i nā hoʻololi ʻana o ka moku.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Jul-18-2023
