ʻO kahi kānana molekala he mea me nā pores (nā puka liʻiliʻi loa) o ka nui like. Ua like ka nui o keia mau anawaena pore me na mole li'ili'i, a no laila, 'a'ole hiki i nā mole nui ke komo a ho'opili 'ia, oiai hiki i nā mole li'ili'i. I ka neʻe ʻana o ka hui ʻana o nā molekala i loko o ka moena paʻa o ka porous, semi-solid substance i kapa ʻia he sieve (a i ʻole matrix), ʻo nā ʻāpana o ke kaumaha molekala kiʻekiʻe loa (ʻaʻole hiki ke komo i loko o nā pores mole) e waiho mua i ka moena, a ukali ʻia e nā molekala liʻiliʻi. Hoʻohana ʻia kekahi mau kānana molekala i ka chromatography hoʻokaʻawale nui, kahi ʻenehana hoʻokaʻawale e hoʻokaʻawale i nā molekala ma muli o ko lākou nui. Hoʻohana ʻia nā kānana molekala ʻē aʻe ma ke ʻano he desiccants (kekahi mau laʻana me ka lanahu hoʻōla a me ka silica gel).
Ana ʻia ke anawaena pore o kahi kānana molekala ma ångströms (Å) a i ʻole nanometer (nm). E like me ka IUPAC notation, microporous materials he pore diameters o lalo o 2 nm (20 Å) a me macroporous materials pore diameters oi aku mamua o 50 nm (500 Å); aia ka ʻāpana mesoporous ma ka waena me nā anawaena pore ma waena o 2 a me 50 nm (20–500 Å).
Nā mea waiwai
Hiki i nā kānana molekula he microporous, mesoporous, a i ʻole macroporous mea.
Mea microporous (
●Zeolites (nā minerala aluminosilicate, ʻaʻole e huikau me ka alumini silicate)
●Zeolite LTA: 3–4 Å
●Ke aniani polū: 10 Å (1 nm), a i luna
●Kapona ʻeleu: 0–20 Å (0–2 nm), a i luna
● Pālolo
●Montmorillonite intermixes
●Halloysite (endellite): Loaʻa ʻelua mau ʻano maʻamau, i ka wā e hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia ai ka pālolo e hōʻike ana i kahi mamao o 1 nm o nā papa a i ka wā i hoʻomaloʻo ʻia (meta-halloysite) ʻo 0.7 nm ka mamao. Hana maoli ʻia ka Halloysite e like me nā cylinders liʻiliʻi he 30 nm ke anawaena me ka lōʻihi ma waena o 0.5 a me 10 micrometres.
Mea Mesoporous (2–50 nm)
Silicon dioxide (hoʻohana ʻia e hana i ka gel silica): 24 Å (2.4 nm)
Macroporous mea (>50 nm)
Macroporous silica, 200–1000 Å (20–100 nm)
Nā noi
Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā kānana molekula i ka ʻoihana ʻaila, ʻoi loa no ka hoʻomaloʻo ʻana i nā kahawai kinoea. No ka laʻana, ma ka ʻoihana wai kūlohelohe (LNG), pono e hoʻemi ʻia ka ʻike wai o ke kinoea ma lalo o 1 ppmv no ka pale ʻana i nā poloka i hana ʻia e ka hau a me ka methane clathrate.
I loko o ke keʻena hana, hoʻohana ʻia nā kānana molekele e hoʻomaloʻo i ka solvent. Ua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā "Sieves" ma mua o nā ʻenehana hoʻomaloʻo kuʻuna, e hoʻohana pinepine ana i nā desiccants koʻikoʻi.
Ma lalo o ka huaʻōlelo zeolites, hoʻohana ʻia nā kānana molekele no kahi ākea o nā noi catalytic. Hoʻopili lākou i ka isomerization, alkylation, a me ka epoxidation, a hoʻohana ʻia i nā kaʻina hana ʻoihana nui, me ka hydrocracking a me ka wai catalytic cracking.
Hoʻohana pū ʻia lākou i ka kānana ʻana i nā lako ea no nā mea hanu, no ka laʻana nā mea i hoʻohana ʻia e nā mea luʻu a me nā mea puhi ahi. I loko o ia mau noi, ua hoʻolako ʻia ka ea e ka air compressor a ua hele ʻia i loko o kahi kānana pahu pahu, e pili ana i ka noi, ua hoʻopiha ʻia me ka molecular sieve a / a i ʻole carbon activated, ma hope e hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻopaʻa i nā pahu ea hanu.
ʻAe ʻia ka FDA.
Ua ʻae ʻia e ka US FDA mai ʻApelila 1, 2012, ka sodium aluminosilicate no ka hoʻopili pololei ʻana me nā mea hoʻohana ma lalo o 21 CFR 182.2727. Ma mua o kēia ʻae ʻia ua hoʻohana ka European Union i nā kānana molecular me nā lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā hoʻāʻo kūʻokoʻa i manaʻo ʻia e hoʻokō nā kānana molecular i nā koi āpau a ke aupuni no ka makemake ʻole i ke aupuni.
Hana hou
ʻO nā ʻano hana no ka hana hou ʻana o nā kānana molekala, ʻo ia ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke kaomi (e like me ka concentrators oxygen), ka hoʻomehana ʻana a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana me ke kinoea lawe lawe (e like me ka wā i hoʻohana ʻia ai i ka ethanol dehydration), a i ʻole ka hoʻomehana ʻana ma lalo o ka maloʻo kiʻekiʻe. Mai ka 175 °C (350 °F) a i ka 315 °C (600 °F) ma muli o ke ʻano kānana molekala. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa, hiki ke hana hou ʻia ka silica gel ma ka hoʻomehana ʻana iā ia i loko o ka umu maʻamau i 120 °C (250 °F) no ʻelua hola. Eia naʻe, e "pop" kekahi mau ʻano silica gel ke ʻike ʻia i ka nui o ka wai. Hoʻokumu ʻia kēia ma muli o ka haki ʻana o nā pōpō silica i ka wā e hoʻopili ai i ka wai.
| Hoʻohālike | Pore anawaena (Ångström) | ʻAno nui (g/ml) | wai hoʻopili ʻia (% w/w) | Hoʻohana | |
| 3Å | 3 | 0.60–0.68 | 19–20 | 0.3–0.6 | Ka malooopetroleum māhākinoea a me nā alkenes, koho adsorption o H2O i lokoaniani hoʻokaʻawale ʻia (IG)a me ka polyurethane, ka maloʻo owahie ethanolno ka hui 'ana me ka 'aila. |
| 4Å | 4 | 0.60–0.65 | 20–21 | 0.3–0.6 | Adsorption o ka wai i lokosodium aluminosilicateʻo ia ka FDA i ʻae ʻia (e nānāmalalo) hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano molecular sieve i loko o nā pahu lāʻau e mālama ai i ka maloʻo a me kamea hoʻohui meaʻailoaaE-heluE-554 (anti-caking agent); Manaʻo ʻia no ka wai maloʻo paʻa i loko o nā ʻōnaehana wai a i ʻole nā ea, no ka laʻana, i ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau, nā ʻāpana uila a me nā kemika palaho; ʻohi wai i ka paʻi ʻana a me nā ʻōnaehana plastik a me ka hoʻomaloʻo ʻana i nā kahawai hydrocarbon saturated. ʻO nā ʻano mea i hoʻopili ʻia he SO2, CO2, H2S, C2H4, C2H6, a me C3H6. Manaʻo maʻamau he mea hoʻomaloʻo honua ma ka polar a me ka nonpolar media;[12]kaawale ana okinoea maolianā ʻalekene, adsorption o ka wai ma non-nitrogen sensitivepolyurethane |
| 5Å-DW | 5 | 0.45–0.50 | 21–22 | 0.3–0.6 | Degreasing a ninini wahi hoʻohaʻahaʻa omokulele ʻaila ʻailaadiesel, a me ka hookaawale alkenes |
| 5Å liʻiliʻi i hoʻonui ʻia ka oxygen | 5 | 0.4–0.8 | ≥23 | Hoʻolālā kūikawā no ka mea hoʻoheheʻe oxygen olakino a olakino paha[pono ʻia ka ʻōlelo] | |
| 5Å | 5 | 0.60–0.65 | 20–21 | 0.3–0.5 | ʻO ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka ea;dehydrationadesulfurizationo ke kinoea maoli a mekinoea ʻaila wai;oxygenahydrogenhana ekaomi ʻana i ke kaomi ʻanakaʻina hana |
| 10X | 8 | 0.50–0.60 | 23–24 | 0.3–0.6 | ʻO ka sorption kiʻekiʻe, hoʻohana ʻia i ka desiccation, decarburization, desulfurization o ke kinoea a me nā wai a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana owaiʻala ʻala |
| 13X | 10 | 0.55–0.65 | 23–24 | 0.3–0.5 | ʻO ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe, desulfurization a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ke kinoea ʻaila a me ke kinoea maoli |
| 13X-AS | 10 | 0.55–0.65 | 23–24 | 0.3–0.5 | Decarburizationa me ka desiccation i ka ʻoihana hoʻokaʻawale ea, ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka nitrogen mai ka oxygen i nā concentrators oxygen |
| Cu-13X | 10 | 0.50–0.60 | 23–24 | 0.3–0.5 | ʻoluʻolu(ka wehe ʻana othiols) owahie lelea piliwaiʻaila wai |
Hiki i ka Adsorption
3Å
Huina kemika pili: ((K2O)2⁄3 (Na2O)1⁄3) • Al2O3• 2 SiO2 • 9/2 H2O
Lakiō silica-alumina: SiO2/ Al2O3≈2
Hana ʻia
Hana ʻia nā kānana molekala 3A e ka hoʻololi cation opālolono ka measodiumma 4A molecular sieves (E nānā ma lalo)
Hoʻohana
ʻAʻole hoʻopili nā kānana molekala i nā molekala nona nā anawaena ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o 3 Å. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o kēia mau kānana molekula e pili ana i ka wikiwiki adsorption wikiwiki, hiki ke hoʻohou pinepine, ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi a me kakūʻē haumia. Hiki i kēia mau hiʻohiʻona ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pono a me ke ola o ka sieve. ʻO 3Å molecular sieves ka desiccant e pono ai i ka ʻaila a me nā ʻoihana kemika no ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka ʻaila, polymerization, a me ka hoʻomaloʻo ʻana i ke kinoea-wai.
Hoʻohana ʻia nā kānana molekala 3Å e hoʻomaloʻo i nā ʻano mea like, e like meethanol, ea,nā mea hoʻoheheʻe,kinoea maolianā wai kalapona ʻole. ʻO nā mea hope e pili ana i ke kinoea pohā,acetylene,ethylene,propyleneabutadiene.
Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo 3Å molecular sieve no ka wehe ʻana i ka wai mai ka ethanol, hiki ke hoʻohana pololei ʻia ma hope ma ke ʻano he bio-fuel a i ʻole e hana ʻole i nā huahana like ʻole e like me nā kemika, nā meaʻai, nā lāʻau lapaʻau, a me nā mea hou aku. No ka mea, ʻaʻole hiki i ka distillation maʻamau ke hoʻoneʻe i ka wai a pau (kahi hua i makemake ʻole ʻia mai ka hana ʻana o ka ethanol) mai nā kahawai kaʻina hana ethanol ma muli o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o kahiazeotropema kahi o 95.6 pākēneka o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana ma ke kaumaha, hoʻohana ʻia nā molecular sieve beads no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka ethanol a me ka wai ma kahi pae molekala ma o ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka wai i loko o nā pahu a me ka ʻae ʻana i ka ethanol e hele manuahi. Ke piha nā pēke i ka wai, hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia ka mahana a i ʻole ke kaomi ʻana, e hiki ai ke hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka wai mai ka molecular sieve beads.[15]
Mālama ʻia nā kānana molekika 3Å ma ka lumi wela, me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ma mua o 90%. Hoʻopaʻa ʻia lākou ma lalo o ke kaomi hoʻemi ʻia, mālama ʻia mai ka wai, nā waikawa a me nā alkalis.
4Å
Huina kemika: Na2O•Al2O3•2SiO2•9/2H2O
Lakiō silikino-alumini: 1:1 (SiO2/ Al2O3≈2)
Hana ʻia
He mea maʻalahi ka hana ʻana o 4Å sieve no ka mea ʻaʻole koi ʻia i nā kaomi kiʻekiʻe a i ʻole nā wela kiʻekiʻe. ʻO nā hāʻina wai maʻamau osodium silicateasodium aluminahui ʻia ma 80 °C. ʻO ka huahana solvent-impregnated "hoʻohana" ma ka "baking" ma 400 °C 4A sieves lawelawe ma ke ʻano he precursor i nā kānana 3A a me 5A ma ohoʻololi cationosodiumno ka meapālolo(no 3A) a i ʻolecalcium(no 5A)
Hoʻohana
Mea hoʻomaloʻo
Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā kānana molekala 4Å no ka hoʻomaloʻo ʻana i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe keʻena hana. Hiki iā lākou ke komo i ka wai a me nā molekala ʻē aʻe me ke anawaena koʻikoʻi ma lalo o 4 Å e like me NH3, H2S, SO2, CO2, C2H5OH, C2H6, a me C2H4. Hoʻohana nui ʻia lākou i ka maloʻo, hoʻomaʻemaʻe a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i nā wai a me nā kinoea (e like me ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana o argon).
Nā mea hoʻohui poliester[hoʻoponopono]
Hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau kānana molekala e kōkua i nā mea holoi no ka mea hiki iā lākou ke hana i ka wai demineralizedcalciumhoʻololi ion, wehe a pale i ka waiho ʻana o ka lepo. Hoʻohana nui ʻia lākou e paniphosphorus. He kuleana nui ka sieve molecular 4Å e pani ai i ka sodium tripolyphosphate ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe i mea e hoʻēmi ai i ka hopena o ke kaiapuni o ka mea holoi. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano hekopamea hana a inpaʻu niho.
ʻO ka mālama ʻana i nā ʻōpala pōʻino
Hiki i nā kānana molekala 4Å ke ho'oma'ema'e i ka wai o nā mea cationic e like meammoniumnā ion, Pb2+, Cu2+, Zn2+ a me Cd2+. Ma muli o ke koho kiʻekiʻe no NH4 + ua hoʻohana maikaʻi ʻia lākou i ke kahua e hakakāeutrophicationa me nā hopena ʻē aʻe i nā ala wai ma muli o ka nui o nā ion ammonium. Ua hoʻohana pū ʻia nā kānana molekala 4Å e wehe i nā ion metala kaumaha i loko o ka wai ma muli o nā hana ʻoihana.
Nā kumu ʻē aʻe
ʻO kaʻoihana metala: mea hoʻokaʻawale, hoʻokaʻawale, unuhi ʻana o ka brine potassium,rubidium,kesiuma, etc.
ʻOihana Petrochemical,mea hoʻopāpā,desiccant, adsorbent
Mahiai:mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe lepo
Lapaau: ukana kalazeolitemea lāʻau antibacterial.
5Å
Huina kemika: 0.7CaO•0.30Na2O•Al2O3•2.0SiO2 •4.5H2O
Lakiō silica-alumina: SiO2/ Al2O3≈2
Hana ʻia
Hana ʻia nā kānana molekala 5A e ka hoʻololi cation ocalciumno ka measodiumi loko o nā kānana molekula 4A (E nānā i luna)
Hoʻohana
ʻelima-ångströmHoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā kānana molekula (5Å) i kaʻaila ʻailaʻoihana, ʻoi loa no ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i nā kahawai kinoea a ma ka hale hana kemika no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻanapūhuia me ka hoʻomaloʻo ʻana i nā mea hoʻomaka. Loaʻa iā lākou nā pores liʻiliʻi o kahi kikoʻī a me ka nui like ʻole, a hoʻohana nui ʻia ma ke ʻano he adsorbent no nā kinoea a me nā wai.
Hoʻohana ʻia nā kānana molekala ʻelima-ångström e maloʻokinoea maoli, me ka hana anadesulfurizationadecarbonationo ke kinoea. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻokaʻawale i nā hui ʻana o ka oxygen, nitrogen a me ka hydrogen, a me ka aila-wax n-hydrocarbons mai nā lālā a me polycyclic hydrocarbons.
Elima-ångström molecular sieves mālama 'ia ma ka lumi wela, me kahaʻahaʻa piliemi iho ma lalo o 90% i loko o nā pahu pahu pahu a i ʻole ka pahu pahu pahu. ʻAʻole pono e hōʻike pololei ʻia nā kānana molekala i ka ea a me ka wai, pono e pale ʻia nā waikawa a me nā alkali.
Morphology of molecular sieves
Loaʻa nā kānana molekula ma nā ʻano like ʻole a me nā nui. Akā, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā pēke pōʻai ma mua o nā ʻano ʻē aʻe no ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka hāʻule haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, kū i ka attrition no ka mea ʻaʻohe o lākou mau ʻaoʻao ʻoi, a he ikaika maikaʻi, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka ikaika paʻi i koi ʻia no kēlā me kēia ʻāpana. Hāʻawi kekahi mau kānana molekula beaded i ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa no laila e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka pono o ka ikehu i ka wā hana hou.
ʻO ka pono ʻē aʻe o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kānana molekole beaded ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka nui ma mua o nā ʻano ʻē aʻe, no laila, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ke koi adsorption. No laila, ʻoiai e hana ana i ka de-bottlenecking, hiki i kekahi ke hoʻohana i nā kānana molekala beaded, hoʻouka hou aku i ka adsorbent ma ka leo like, a pale aku i nā hoʻololi ʻana o ka moku.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Jul-18-2023
